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Dr. Kaen Becker put together a whole list of studies about Spay/Neuter
So do your research!
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Vets read the latest journal articles, and their clients are asking more questions about the timing of spay/neuter, wanting to engage in an honest discussion about long-term health consequences, and what hormone-preserving sterilization surgery options are offered.
The problem is, most of us don’t offer any surgical sterilization alternatives, like hysterectomy or vasectomy, because we didn’t learn how to do them in vet school. We didn’t learn how to vasectomize 8 week old shelter puppies, only castrate them. So that’s what we do. But science is showing this isn’t the best choice for longterm health.
We all agree that, other than rigorously healthy, genetically resilient dogs registered in DNA-diversifying breeding programs, all dogs should be sterilized. No one is arguing that. NO UNWANTED LITTERS OR UNHEALTHY PUPPIES!
But you can’t deny the research— I’ll post several dozen more studies in the comment section, along with a link to a recent FB live I did with a desexing expert/theriogenologist, who summarized the current research with this comment:
“Gonadectomized (neutered) dogs have been reported to have a higher incidence of obesity, urinary incontinence, urinary calculi, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hypoadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, inflammatory bowel disease, hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, aggressive and fearful behavior, cognitive dysfunction syndrome, prostate adenocarcinoma and transitional cell adenocarcinoma. Musculoskeletal issues may be especially significant for large breed dogs gonadectomized before they have finished growing, as bone physeal closure is delayed,”
Michelle Anne Kutzler, MBA, DVM, PhD, DACT, Professor of Theriogenology, Oregon State University.
And this latest paper: neutering appears to be a significant factor linked to hypothyroidism in dogs (paper link also in comments).
So where do we go from here? Please, vet schools around the world
: teach your students the simpler and easier hormone-preserving surgical techniques so vets can offer their clients options that achieve ALL goals: no unwanted litters AND the preservation of health and longevity. We CAN achieve both goals, but we need the help of veterinary schools, worldwide. The more we learn, and apply what we learn, the healthier our pups will be, but it takes a collective effort
Dr. Karen Becker
More reading on the subject:
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (1AD, January 1). Assisting decision-making on age of neutering for 35 breeds of dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, cancers, and urinary incontinence. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/.../10.../fvets.2020.00388/full
Salt, C., Morris, P. J., Wilson, D., Lund, E. M., & German, A. J. (n.d.). Association between life span and body condition ... - wiley online library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.15367
Zwida, K., & Kutzler, M. A. (n.d.). Non-reproductive long-term health complications ... - parsemus foundation. https://www.parsemus.org/.../03/Zwida-and-Kutzler-2016.pdf
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (n.d.). Neutering of German shepherd dogs: Associated ... - wiley online library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/vms3.34 ��
Hoffman, J. M., Creevy, K. E., & Promislow, D. E. L. (n.d.). Reproductive capability is associated with lifespan and cause of death in companion dogs. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
Sanborn, L. J. (n.d.). Long-term health risks and benefits associated with ... - naiaonline.org. https://www.naiaonline.org/.../LongTermHealthEffectsOfSpa...
�Sundburg, C. R., Belanger, J. M., Bannasch, D. L., Famula, T. R., & Oberbauer, A. M. (2016, December
. Gonadectomy effects on the risk of immune disorders in the dog: A retrospective study - BMC veterinary research. BioMed Central. https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/.../s12917-016-0911-5
�Bryan, J. N., Keeler, M. R., Henry, C. J., Bryan, M. E., Hahn, A. W., & Caldwell, C. W. (2007, May 21). A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pros.20590
�Aaron, A., Eggleton, K., Power, C., & Holt, P. (1996, November 30). Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: A retrospective analysis of 54 cases. The Veterinary record. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8961524/
�Hagman, R. (1970, January 1). New aspects of canine pyometra. https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/736/
Allen, A. (2003, August). Tumors in domestic animals, 4th edition. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340250/
Zink, M. C., Farhoody, P., Elser, S. E., Ruffini, L. D., Gibbons, T. A., & Rieger, R. H. (2014, February 1). Evaluation of the risk and age of onset of cancer and behavioral disorders in gonadectomized vizslas. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../244/3/javma.244.3.309.xml
Forsee, K. M., Davis, G. J., Mouat, E. E., Salmeri, K. R., & Bastian, R. P. (2013, April 1). Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008). AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../242/7/javma.242.7.959.xml
Lefebvre, S. L., Yang, M., Wang, M., Elliott, D. A., Buff, P. R., & Lund, E. M. (2013, July 15). Effect of age at gonadectomy on the probability of dogs becoming overweight. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../243/2/javma.243.2.236.xml
Light, V. A., Montgomery, R. D., & Akingbemi, B. T. (2012, August 1). Sex hormone regulation of collagen concentrations in cranial cruciate ligaments of sexually immature male rabbits. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../73/8/ajvr.73.8.1186.xml
Howe, L. M., Slater, M. R., Boothe, H. W., Hobson, H. P., Holcom, J. L., & Spann, A. C. (2001, January 15). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../2/javma.2001.218.217.xml ��
Howe, L. M., Slater, M. R., Boothe, H. W., Hobson, H. P., Fossum, T. W., Spann, A. C., & Wilkie, W. S. (2000, December 1). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../11/javma.2000.217.1661.xml
LM, H. (1997, July 1). Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9215412/
FRONTIERSIN.ORG
Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence
Dr. Karen Becker
KR., S., MS., B., SL., S., & V., S. (1991, April 1). Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2045340/
�Farhoody, P., & Zink , C. M. (2010, May). Behavioral and Physical Effects of Spaying and Neutering Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris). http://www.atftc.com/health/SNBehaviorBoneDataSnapShot.pdf
�Cooley, D. M., Beranek, B. C., Schlittler, D. L., Glickman, N. W., Glickman, L. T., & Waters, D. J. (2002, November 1). Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk1. American Association for Cancer Research. https://aacrjournals.org/.../Endogenous-Gonadal-Hormone...
Riva, G. T. de la, Hart, B. L., Farver, T. B., Oberbauer, A. M., Messam, L. L. M. V., Willits, N., & Hart, L. A. (2013, February 13). Neutering dogs: Effects on joint disorders and cancers in Golden Retrievers. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
Kim, H. H., Yeon, S. C., Houpt, K. A., Lee, H. C., Chang, H. H., & Lee, H. J. (2005, May 4). Effects of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German shepherd dogs. The Veterinary Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../abs/pii/S109002330500064X
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (2014, July 14). Long-term health effects of neutering dogs: Comparison of labrador retrievers with golden retrievers. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
BL, H. (2001, July). Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11439769/ ��
W, B., JM, C., & DC, B. (2012). The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs--a systematic review. The Journal of small animal practice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22647210/ ��
Brodey, R.S., Goldschmidt, M.A., Roszel, J.R. (1983). Canine mammary gland neoplasms. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 19:61-90
Katherine Salmeri, DVM, Mark Bllomber, DVM, Sherry Scuggs, BS, Victor Shille DVM, Journal of American Vet Med Association, Volume 198, No 7 1991
Meuten, D.J. (2002). Tumors in Domestic Animals. 4th Edn. Iowa State Press, Blackwell Publishing Company, Ames, Iowa, p. 575��
Stubbs, P. and Bloomberg, M. (1995). Seminars in Vet Med & Surgery, Small Animal, Volume 10, No 1 Feb 1995 Dept of Small Animal Clin Sci, Univ of Florida��
Michael DeTora, Robert J. McCarthy. (2011) Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy for elective sterilization of female dogs and cats: is removal of the uterus necessary?. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 239:11, 1409-1412.
Margaret V. Root Kustritz. (2007) Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231:11, 1665-1675.
Online publication date: 4-Dec-2007.
Citation | Full Text
Felix M. Duerr, Colleen G. Duncan, Roman S. Savicky, Richard D. Park, Erick L. Egger, Ross H. Palmer. (2007) Risk factors for excessive tibial plateau angle in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231:11, 1688-1691.
Online publication date: 4-Dec-2007.
Abstract | Full Text
Fuess, Theresa A., PhD, VM-3. Early-Age Spay/Neuter: An Overview. Illinois Veterinary Bulletin, Spring, 1998. http://vetmed.illinois.edu/ope/ivb/spay-neu.htm
Mackie, Marvin, DVM. Early Age Neutering: Perfect for Every Practice. Paws to Think, Autumn 2002, Vol 1, Issue 3.
Spain, C. Victor, DVM PhD; Scarlett, Janet M. DVM PhD; Houpt, Katherine A. VMD, PhD, DACVB (2002, Febuary 1). Long-term risks and benefits of early age gonadectomy in cats. JAVMA. http://avmajournals.avma.org/.../javma.2004.224.380...
Spain, C. V., Scarlett, J. M., & Houpt, K. A. (2004, February 1). Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../3/javma.2004.224.380.xml
ARTICLES:��
Rottweiler study links ovaries with exceptional longevity
https://www.avma.org/.../rottweiler-study-links-ovaries...
Dog Neutering is an Emotive Subject for Welfare and Population Reasons but let’s take a look at the Facts… https://dogsfirst.ie/health-issues/dog-neutering/
Gonadectomy in Dogs: Considerations & Review
https://digital.cliniciansbrief.com/.../clinicians-brief...
Kislak, Paula, DVM. Early Age Spay/Neuter.
https://www.chai-online.org/.../overpopulation_sn_early.htm
Hormone-Sparing Sterilization
https://www.parsemus.org/.../hormone-sparing-sterilization/
Restoring hormone levels in a neutered dog leads to health improvements
https://phys.org/.../2021-08-hormone-neutered-dog-health...
Spay/Neuter And Joint Disease
https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/spay-neuter-and.../
Spaying and Castration (Neutering) Dogs https://www.doglistener.co.uk/spaying_neutering-shtml
Your Dog Needs To Be Spayed Or Neutered – Right?
https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/your-dog-needs-to.../
Why I’ve had a Change of Heart About Neutering Pets
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../09/30/neutering-health-
risks.aspx
Sterilization Effects Worse for Golden Retrievers Than Labs
https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/Sterilization...
Than-Labs/
Neutering: This Common Procedure Can Boost Cancer and Joint Problems As Much As Five-Fold
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../11/05/neutered-golden-
retrievers.aspx
Illegal in Scandinavia, Surgical Sterilization Is Still Routine in America
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../09/23/modified-spay-
procedure.aspx
Risks and Benefits to Spaying/Neutering Your Dog
https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/.../risks-and-benefits...
neutering-your-dog/
PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/204...j1L_csVHthAM1JMTtsCXwot9KeNtjvvmFreME5NmLcRi0
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/204...j1L_csVHthAM1JMTtsCXwot9KeNtjvvmFreME5NmLcRi0
https://www.frontiersin.org/article...7Y6PXTuaUROo0Ng3kqZTsr9p2C0V1Q99UtzvZKSSFi478
So do your research!
Dr. Karen Becker

The problem is, most of us don’t offer any surgical sterilization alternatives, like hysterectomy or vasectomy, because we didn’t learn how to do them in vet school. We didn’t learn how to vasectomize 8 week old shelter puppies, only castrate them. So that’s what we do. But science is showing this isn’t the best choice for longterm health.
We all agree that, other than rigorously healthy, genetically resilient dogs registered in DNA-diversifying breeding programs, all dogs should be sterilized. No one is arguing that. NO UNWANTED LITTERS OR UNHEALTHY PUPPIES!

But you can’t deny the research— I’ll post several dozen more studies in the comment section, along with a link to a recent FB live I did with a desexing expert/theriogenologist, who summarized the current research with this comment:
“Gonadectomized (neutered) dogs have been reported to have a higher incidence of obesity, urinary incontinence, urinary calculi, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hypoadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, inflammatory bowel disease, hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, aggressive and fearful behavior, cognitive dysfunction syndrome, prostate adenocarcinoma and transitional cell adenocarcinoma. Musculoskeletal issues may be especially significant for large breed dogs gonadectomized before they have finished growing, as bone physeal closure is delayed,”

And this latest paper: neutering appears to be a significant factor linked to hypothyroidism in dogs (paper link also in comments).
So where do we go from here? Please, vet schools around the world


Dr. Karen Becker
More reading on the subject:
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (1AD, January 1). Assisting decision-making on age of neutering for 35 breeds of dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, cancers, and urinary incontinence. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/.../10.../fvets.2020.00388/full
Salt, C., Morris, P. J., Wilson, D., Lund, E. M., & German, A. J. (n.d.). Association between life span and body condition ... - wiley online library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.15367
Zwida, K., & Kutzler, M. A. (n.d.). Non-reproductive long-term health complications ... - parsemus foundation. https://www.parsemus.org/.../03/Zwida-and-Kutzler-2016.pdf
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (n.d.). Neutering of German shepherd dogs: Associated ... - wiley online library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/vms3.34 ��
Hoffman, J. M., Creevy, K. E., & Promislow, D. E. L. (n.d.). Reproductive capability is associated with lifespan and cause of death in companion dogs. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
Sanborn, L. J. (n.d.). Long-term health risks and benefits associated with ... - naiaonline.org. https://www.naiaonline.org/.../LongTermHealthEffectsOfSpa...
�Sundburg, C. R., Belanger, J. M., Bannasch, D. L., Famula, T. R., & Oberbauer, A. M. (2016, December

�Bryan, J. N., Keeler, M. R., Henry, C. J., Bryan, M. E., Hahn, A. W., & Caldwell, C. W. (2007, May 21). A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pros.20590
�Aaron, A., Eggleton, K., Power, C., & Holt, P. (1996, November 30). Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: A retrospective analysis of 54 cases. The Veterinary record. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8961524/
�Hagman, R. (1970, January 1). New aspects of canine pyometra. https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/736/
Allen, A. (2003, August). Tumors in domestic animals, 4th edition. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340250/
Zink, M. C., Farhoody, P., Elser, S. E., Ruffini, L. D., Gibbons, T. A., & Rieger, R. H. (2014, February 1). Evaluation of the risk and age of onset of cancer and behavioral disorders in gonadectomized vizslas. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../244/3/javma.244.3.309.xml
Forsee, K. M., Davis, G. J., Mouat, E. E., Salmeri, K. R., & Bastian, R. P. (2013, April 1). Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008). AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../242/7/javma.242.7.959.xml
Lefebvre, S. L., Yang, M., Wang, M., Elliott, D. A., Buff, P. R., & Lund, E. M. (2013, July 15). Effect of age at gonadectomy on the probability of dogs becoming overweight. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../243/2/javma.243.2.236.xml
Light, V. A., Montgomery, R. D., & Akingbemi, B. T. (2012, August 1). Sex hormone regulation of collagen concentrations in cranial cruciate ligaments of sexually immature male rabbits. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../73/8/ajvr.73.8.1186.xml
Howe, L. M., Slater, M. R., Boothe, H. W., Hobson, H. P., Holcom, J. L., & Spann, A. C. (2001, January 15). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../2/javma.2001.218.217.xml ��
Howe, L. M., Slater, M. R., Boothe, H. W., Hobson, H. P., Fossum, T. W., Spann, A. C., & Wilkie, W. S. (2000, December 1). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../11/javma.2000.217.1661.xml
LM, H. (1997, July 1). Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9215412/

FRONTIERSIN.ORG
Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence
Dr. Karen Becker
KR., S., MS., B., SL., S., & V., S. (1991, April 1). Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2045340/
�Farhoody, P., & Zink , C. M. (2010, May). Behavioral and Physical Effects of Spaying and Neutering Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris). http://www.atftc.com/health/SNBehaviorBoneDataSnapShot.pdf
�Cooley, D. M., Beranek, B. C., Schlittler, D. L., Glickman, N. W., Glickman, L. T., & Waters, D. J. (2002, November 1). Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk1. American Association for Cancer Research. https://aacrjournals.org/.../Endogenous-Gonadal-Hormone...
Riva, G. T. de la, Hart, B. L., Farver, T. B., Oberbauer, A. M., Messam, L. L. M. V., Willits, N., & Hart, L. A. (2013, February 13). Neutering dogs: Effects on joint disorders and cancers in Golden Retrievers. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
Kim, H. H., Yeon, S. C., Houpt, K. A., Lee, H. C., Chang, H. H., & Lee, H. J. (2005, May 4). Effects of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German shepherd dogs. The Veterinary Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../abs/pii/S109002330500064X
Hart, B. L., Hart, L. A., Thigpen, A. P., & Willits, N. H. (2014, July 14). Long-term health effects of neutering dogs: Comparison of labrador retrievers with golden retrievers. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article... ��
BL, H. (2001, July). Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11439769/ ��
W, B., JM, C., & DC, B. (2012). The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs--a systematic review. The Journal of small animal practice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22647210/ ��
Brodey, R.S., Goldschmidt, M.A., Roszel, J.R. (1983). Canine mammary gland neoplasms. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 19:61-90
Katherine Salmeri, DVM, Mark Bllomber, DVM, Sherry Scuggs, BS, Victor Shille DVM, Journal of American Vet Med Association, Volume 198, No 7 1991
Meuten, D.J. (2002). Tumors in Domestic Animals. 4th Edn. Iowa State Press, Blackwell Publishing Company, Ames, Iowa, p. 575��
Stubbs, P. and Bloomberg, M. (1995). Seminars in Vet Med & Surgery, Small Animal, Volume 10, No 1 Feb 1995 Dept of Small Animal Clin Sci, Univ of Florida��
Michael DeTora, Robert J. McCarthy. (2011) Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy for elective sterilization of female dogs and cats: is removal of the uterus necessary?. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 239:11, 1409-1412.
Margaret V. Root Kustritz. (2007) Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231:11, 1665-1675.
Online publication date: 4-Dec-2007.
Citation | Full Text
Felix M. Duerr, Colleen G. Duncan, Roman S. Savicky, Richard D. Park, Erick L. Egger, Ross H. Palmer. (2007) Risk factors for excessive tibial plateau angle in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231:11, 1688-1691.
Online publication date: 4-Dec-2007.
Abstract | Full Text
Fuess, Theresa A., PhD, VM-3. Early-Age Spay/Neuter: An Overview. Illinois Veterinary Bulletin, Spring, 1998. http://vetmed.illinois.edu/ope/ivb/spay-neu.htm
Mackie, Marvin, DVM. Early Age Neutering: Perfect for Every Practice. Paws to Think, Autumn 2002, Vol 1, Issue 3.
Spain, C. Victor, DVM PhD; Scarlett, Janet M. DVM PhD; Houpt, Katherine A. VMD, PhD, DACVB (2002, Febuary 1). Long-term risks and benefits of early age gonadectomy in cats. JAVMA. http://avmajournals.avma.org/.../javma.2004.224.380...
Spain, C. V., Scarlett, J. M., & Houpt, K. A. (2004, February 1). Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. AVMA. https://avmajournals.avma.org/.../3/javma.2004.224.380.xml
ARTICLES:��
Rottweiler study links ovaries with exceptional longevity
https://www.avma.org/.../rottweiler-study-links-ovaries...
Dog Neutering is an Emotive Subject for Welfare and Population Reasons but let’s take a look at the Facts… https://dogsfirst.ie/health-issues/dog-neutering/
Gonadectomy in Dogs: Considerations & Review
https://digital.cliniciansbrief.com/.../clinicians-brief...
Kislak, Paula, DVM. Early Age Spay/Neuter.
https://www.chai-online.org/.../overpopulation_sn_early.htm
Hormone-Sparing Sterilization
https://www.parsemus.org/.../hormone-sparing-sterilization/
Restoring hormone levels in a neutered dog leads to health improvements
https://phys.org/.../2021-08-hormone-neutered-dog-health...
Spay/Neuter And Joint Disease
https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/spay-neuter-and.../
Spaying and Castration (Neutering) Dogs https://www.doglistener.co.uk/spaying_neutering-shtml
Your Dog Needs To Be Spayed Or Neutered – Right?
https://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/your-dog-needs-to.../
Why I’ve had a Change of Heart About Neutering Pets
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../09/30/neutering-health-
risks.aspx
Sterilization Effects Worse for Golden Retrievers Than Labs
https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/Sterilization...
Than-Labs/
Neutering: This Common Procedure Can Boost Cancer and Joint Problems As Much As Five-Fold
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../11/05/neutered-golden-
retrievers.aspx
Illegal in Scandinavia, Surgical Sterilization Is Still Routine in America
https://healthypets.mercola.com/.../09/23/modified-spay-
procedure.aspx
Risks and Benefits to Spaying/Neutering Your Dog
https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/.../risks-and-benefits...
neutering-your-dog/

PUBMED.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV
Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/204...j1L_csVHthAM1JMTtsCXwot9KeNtjvvmFreME5NmLcRi0
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/204...j1L_csVHthAM1JMTtsCXwot9KeNtjvvmFreME5NmLcRi0
https://www.frontiersin.org/article...7Y6PXTuaUROo0Ng3kqZTsr9p2C0V1Q99UtzvZKSSFi478